Cytogenetics is related to cell genetics that is afraid with the structure and function of cell, particularly the chromosomes. It includes analysis of chromosomes, further cytogenetic banding techniques, and molecular cytogenetics such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) also comparative genomic hybridization(CGH). Cytogenetics provides a chance to see chromosome under the microscope, find abnormality in chromosome.
Genetics is a division of biology that gains the knowledge of genes and heredity. Genes is a region of the genome, which is prepared up of DNA. Cytogenetics refers a microscopic analysis of chromosomes in a cell. Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and their role in heredity. Cytogenetics is all concerning chromosomes: its structure and composition, methods to examine chromosomes, chromosome abnormality linked with disease, the role of chromosomes take part in in sex determination and changes in chromosomes in evolution.
The field of cytogenetics emerges in the early 20thcentury, when scientists realize that physical carriers of gene are chromosom. In the near the beginning years of cytogenetics, scientists face lot of difficult to analysis of an individual chromosomes, but over the years, but they continued to refine the situation for preserve and stain chromosomes to the reproducible level so that is now in new face called clinical cytogenetics.
The field of cytogenetics emerges in the early 20thcentury, when scientists realize that physical carriers of gene are chromosom. In the near the beginning years of cytogenetics, scientists face lot of difficult to analysis of an individual chromosomes, but over the years, but they continued to refine the situation for preserve and stain chromosomes to the reproducible level so that is now in new face called clinical cytogenetics.
In today's dealings, metaphase chromosomes are examine with stains that make unique banding patterns, and pairs of chromosome set in a standard identical well-known format as a karyotype. Between the members in a species, karyotypes are extremely identical, which make it possible to cytogeneticists to identify various variations in chromosome figure and its organization that are related with disease and developmental problems.
Human karyotypes contain 22 pair of autosomes and single couple of sex chromosomes. Changes in chromosome figure are simply detected on karyotypes. In humans, the majority aneuploidies are lethal because the inequality in gene expression. Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is often detected in prenatal screening of mothers. aneuploidies in the sex chromosome are tolerate in humans, most frequently because X inactivation maintain near-regular expression level in X-linked genes.
Human karyotypes contain 22 pair of autosomes and single couple of sex chromosomes. Changes in chromosome figure are simply detected on karyotypes. In humans, the majority aneuploidies are lethal because the inequality in gene expression. Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is often detected in prenatal screening of mothers. aneuploidies in the sex chromosome are tolerate in humans, most frequently because X inactivation maintain near-regular expression level in X-linked genes.
In adding to changes in chromosome number, karyotypes can also expose more subtle changes in chromosome structure. In result, the normal banding prototype of a chromosome provides rough code this code can be convert into map of chromosome. Cytogeneticists coordinates on these rough code chromosome maps (ideograms), to identify the structural abnormalities, include deletions, Inversion, duplications, and translocations, this within a bases of DNA.
In the earlier few year, some flexible methods base on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) have changed cytogenetics into a molecular genetics and provide cytogeneticists with new tools. In FISH procedures, DNA/RNA labeled probes are mixed with their paired target DNA sequences. This FISH technique generates results colorful and more visible, because multiple probes, every one labeled with a spectrally different fluorescent dye, use in the similar experiment. The aim DNA sequences consist with a single gene otherwise a collection of genes extend out along the chromosome length.
In the earlier few year, some flexible methods base on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) have changed cytogenetics into a molecular genetics and provide cytogeneticists with new tools. In FISH procedures, DNA/RNA labeled probes are mixed with their paired target DNA sequences. This FISH technique generates results colorful and more visible, because multiple probes, every one labeled with a spectrally different fluorescent dye, use in the similar experiment. The aim DNA sequences consist with a single gene otherwise a collection of genes extend out along the chromosome length.
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